neuro_py.detectors
DetectDS
¶
Bases: object
Class for detecting dentate spikes
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
basepath
|
str
|
Path to the folder containing the data |
required |
hilus_ch
|
int
|
Channel number of the hilus signal (0 indexing) |
required |
mol_ch
|
int
|
Channel number of the mol signal (0 indexing) |
required |
noise_ch
|
int
|
Channel number of the noise signal or signal far from dentate (0 indexing) |
None
|
lowcut
|
float
|
Low cut frequency for the signal filter |
10
|
highcut
|
float
|
High cut frequency for the signal filter |
250
|
filter_signal_bool
|
bool
|
If True, the signal will be filtered |
True
|
primary_threshold
|
float
|
Primary threshold for detecting the dentate spikes (difference method only) |
5
|
secondary_threshold
|
float
|
Secondary threshold for detecting the dentate spikes (difference method only) |
required |
primary_thres_mol
|
float
|
Primary threshold for detecting the dentate spikes in the mol signal |
2
|
primary_thres_hilus
|
float
|
Primary threshold for detecting the dentate spikes in the hilus signal |
5
|
min_duration
|
float
|
Minimum duration of the dentate spikes |
0.005
|
max_duration
|
float
|
Maximum duration of the dentate spikes |
0.05
|
filter_order
|
int
|
Order of the filter |
4
|
filter_rs
|
int
|
Resonance frequency of the filter |
20
|
method
|
str
|
Method for detecting the dentate spikes. "difference" for detecting the dentate spikes by difference between the hilus and mol signal "seperately" for detecting the dentate spikes by the hilus and mol signal separately |
'seperately'
|
clean_lfp
|
bool
|
If True, the LFP signal will be cleaned |
False
|
emg_threshold
|
float
|
Threshold for the EMG signal to remove dentate spikes |
0.9
|
Attributes:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
lfp |
AnalogSignalArray
|
LFP signal |
filtered_lfp |
AnalogSignalArray
|
Filtered LFP signal |
mol_hilus_diff |
AnalogSignalArray
|
Difference between the hilus and mol signal |
ds_epoch |
EpochArray
|
EpochArray with the dentate spikes |
peak_val |
ndarray
|
Peak value of the dentate spikes |
Methods:
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
load_lfp |
Load the LFP signal |
filter_signal |
Filter the LFP signal |
get_filtered_lfp |
Get the filtered LFP signal |
get_lfp_diff |
Get the difference between the hilus and mol signal |
detect_ds_difference |
Detect the dentate spikes by difference between the hilus and mol signal |
detect_ds_seperately |
Detect the dentate spikes by the hilus and mol signal separately |
save_ds_epoch |
Save the dentate spikes as an EpochArray |
Examples:
In IDE or python console
>>> from ds_swr.detection.detect_dentate_spike import DetectDS
>>> from neuro_py.io import loading
>>> channel_tags = loading.load_channel_tags(basepath)
>>> dds = DetectDS(
basepath,
channel_tags["hilus"]["channels"] - 1,
channel_tags["mol"]["channels"] - 1
)
>>> dds.detect_ds()
>>> dds.save_ds_epoch()
>>> dds
<DetectDS at 0x17fe787c640: dentate spikes 5,769> of length 1:11:257 minutes
In command line
>>> python detect_dentate_spike.py Z:/Data/Can/OML22/day20
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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detect_ds()
¶
Detect the dentate spikes based on the method provided
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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filter_signal()
¶
Filter the LFP signal
Returns:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
ndarray
|
Filtered LFP signal |
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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get_average_trace(shank=None, window=[-0.15, 0.15])
¶
Get the average LFP trace around the dentate spikes
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
shank
|
int
|
Shank number of the hilus signal |
None
|
window
|
list
|
Window around the dentate spikes |
[-0.15, 0.15]
|
Returns:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
ndarray
|
Average LFP trace around the dentate spikes |
ndarray
|
Time lags around the dentate spikes |
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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get_xml_data()
¶
Load the XML file to get the number of channels, sampling frequency and shank to channel mapping
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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load(filename)
classmethod
¶
Load a DetectDS object from a pickle file
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
filename
|
str
|
Path to the file where the DetectDS object is saved |
required |
Returns:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
DetectDS
|
The loaded DetectDS object |
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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load_lfp()
¶
Load the LFP signal
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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plot(ax=None, window=[-0.15, 0.15], channel_offset=90000.0)
¶
Plot the average LFP trace around the dentate spikes
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
ax
|
AxesSubplot
|
Axis to plot the average LFP trace |
None
|
window
|
list
|
Window around the dentate spikes |
[-0.15, 0.15]
|
channel_offset
|
float
|
Offset between the channels |
90000.0
|
Returns:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
AxesSubplot
|
Axis with the average LFP trace |
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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save(filename)
¶
Save the DetectDS object as a pickle file
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
filename
|
str
|
Path to the file where the DetectDS object will be saved |
required |
Returns:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
None
|
|
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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save_ds_epoch()
¶
Save the dentate spikes as a cellexplorer mat file
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/dentate_spike.py
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bimodal_thresh(bimodal_data, max_thresh=np.inf, schmidt=False, max_hist_bins=25, start_bins=10, set_thresh=None, nboot=100, force_bimodal=False)
¶
BimodalThresh: Find threshold between bimodal data modes (e.g., UP vs DOWN states) and return crossing times (UP/DOWN onset/offset times).
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
bimodal_data
|
array - like
|
Vector of bimodal data |
required |
max_thresh
|
float
|
Maximum threshold value (default: inf) |
inf
|
schmidt
|
bool
|
Use Schmidt trigger with halfway points between trough and peaks (default: False) |
False
|
max_hist_bins
|
int
|
Maximum number of histogram bins to try before giving up (default: 25) |
25
|
start_bins
|
int
|
Minimum number of histogram bins for initial histogram (default: 10) |
10
|
set_thresh
|
float
|
Manually set your own threshold (default: None) |
None
|
nboot
|
int
|
Number of bootstrap iterations for dip test (default: 100) |
100
|
force_bimodal
|
bool
|
If True, skip bimodality test and proceed with threshold detection (default: False) |
False
|
Returns:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
thresh |
float
|
Threshold value between modes |
cross |
dict
|
Dictionary with keys: - 'upints': array of UP state intervals [onsets, offsets] - 'downints': array of DOWN state intervals [onsets, offsets] |
bihist |
dict
|
Dictionary with keys: - 'bins': bin centers - 'hist': counts |
diptest_result |
dict
|
Dictionary with keys: - 'dip': Hartigan's dip test statistic - 'p': p-value for bimodal distribution |
Example
data = np.concatenate([np.random.normal(0, 1, 1000), ... np.random.normal(5, 1, 1000)]) thresh, cross, bihist, diptest_result = bimodal_thresh(data)
Notes
Python translation of BimodalThresh.m from MehrotraLevenstein_2023
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/up_down_state.py
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detect_sharp_wave_ripples(basepath=None, ripple_signal=None, fs=None, timestamps=None, ripple_channel=None, sharp_wave_signal=None, sharp_wave_channel=None, noise_signal=None, noise_channel=None, detection_epochs=None, ripple_band=(80.0, 250.0), sharp_wave_band=(2.0, 50.0), smooth_sigma=0.004, sharp_wave_smooth_sigma=0.0, low_threshold=1.0, high_threshold=2.5, sharp_wave_low_threshold=0.4, sharp_wave_high_threshold=2.5, noise_threshold=None, min_duration=0.015, max_duration=0.25, sharp_wave_min_duration=0.02, sharp_wave_max_duration=0.5, min_inter_event_interval=0.025, merge_gap=0.001, peak_window=0.15, boundary_mode='union', filter_order=4, threshold_mode='global', local_window=5.0, reject_edge_events=True, edge_buffer=None, reject_artifacts=True, saturation_fraction=0.05, flat_std_threshold=None, sharp_wave_polarity='negative', require_sharp_wave=True, save_mat=True, overwrite=False, return_epoch_array=False, event_name='ripples')
¶
Detect sharp wave ripple events from a ripple-band LFP channel.
The detector follows a compact joint SWR workflow by default: detect
candidate ripple intervals from ripple-band power, require a nearby
sharp-wave event on a companion low-frequency channel difference, and then
validate ripple and sharp-wave durations separately before returning final
events. Set require_sharp_wave=False to run explicit ripple-only
detection when no sharp-wave channel is available.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
basepath
|
str
|
Session folder used to load LFP data and optionally save a CellExplorer
event file. Required when |
None
|
ripple_signal
|
ndarray
|
One-dimensional ripple detection signal. If omitted, the signal is loaded
from |
None
|
fs
|
float
|
Sampling rate in Hz. Required when |
None
|
timestamps
|
ndarray
|
Timestamps in seconds for |
None
|
ripple_channel
|
int
|
Zero-indexed ripple channel. When omitted during file-backed detection, the detector tries to infer it from CellExplorer channel tags. |
None
|
sharp_wave_signal
|
ndarray
|
Optional companion signal used to measure low-frequency sharp-wave amplitude at ripple peaks. |
None
|
sharp_wave_channel
|
int
|
Zero-indexed sharp-wave channel used when loading from |
None
|
noise_signal
|
ndarray
|
Optional ripple-band noise channel. Events are rejected when the noise-band
power within the event exceeds |
None
|
noise_channel
|
int
|
Zero-indexed noise channel used when loading from |
None
|
detection_epochs
|
EpochArray or ndarray
|
Detection intervals in seconds. File-backed detection uses these intervals to restrict LFP loading; in-memory detection filters final events to these intervals. |
None
|
ripple_band
|
tuple of float
|
Ripple passband in Hz. |
(80.0, 250.0)
|
sharp_wave_band
|
tuple of float
|
Sharp-wave passband in Hz used for the low-frequency difference signal. |
(2.0, 50.0)
|
smooth_sigma
|
float
|
Gaussian smoothing width for the ripple envelope, in seconds. |
0.004
|
sharp_wave_smooth_sigma
|
float
|
Optional Gaussian smoothing width for the sharp-wave difference signal, in seconds. |
0.0
|
low_threshold
|
float
|
Lower z-scored ripple-envelope threshold used to mark candidate ripple boundaries. |
1.0
|
high_threshold
|
float
|
Peak z-scored ripple-envelope threshold required to accept an event. |
2.5
|
sharp_wave_low_threshold
|
float
|
Lower z-scored sharp-wave threshold used to mark candidate sharp-wave boundaries. |
0.4
|
sharp_wave_high_threshold
|
float
|
Peak z-scored sharp-wave threshold required to accept an event. |
2.5
|
noise_threshold
|
float
|
Maximum tolerated z-scored noise envelope for accepted events. |
None
|
min_duration
|
float
|
Minimum ripple duration in seconds. |
0.015
|
max_duration
|
float
|
Maximum ripple duration in seconds. |
0.25
|
sharp_wave_min_duration
|
float
|
Minimum sharp-wave duration in seconds. |
0.02
|
sharp_wave_max_duration
|
float
|
Maximum sharp-wave duration in seconds. |
0.5
|
min_inter_event_interval
|
float
|
Minimum time between accepted event peaks in seconds. Stronger events are kept first and weaker direct conflicts are removed. Set to 0 to disable. |
0.025
|
merge_gap
|
float
|
Merge candidate events separated by less than this gap, in seconds. |
0.001
|
peak_window
|
float
|
Maximum association window around the ripple candidate, in seconds, used to find the nearest/overlapping sharp-wave partner. |
0.15
|
boundary_mode
|
('sharp_wave', 'union')
|
Whether final event boundaries follow the sharp-wave interval or the union of ripple and sharp-wave intervals. |
"sharp_wave"
|
filter_order
|
int
|
Butterworth filter order for ripple-band filtering. |
4
|
threshold_mode
|
('global', 'local')
|
Use global z-scored features or MATLAB-like local median/std validation around each candidate event. |
"global"
|
local_window
|
float
|
Half-window in seconds used for local threshold validation when
|
5.0
|
reject_edge_events
|
bool
|
If True, reject candidate events too close to signal boundaries. |
True
|
edge_buffer
|
float
|
Boundary buffer in seconds. If omitted, uses at least |
None
|
reject_artifacts
|
bool
|
If True, reject event windows with non-finite, saturated, or flat required signals. |
True
|
saturation_fraction
|
float
|
Maximum tolerated fraction of event-window samples at the local minimum or maximum before the window is treated as clipped. |
0.05
|
flat_std_threshold
|
float
|
Minimum allowed event-window standard deviation. Defaults to a near-zero variation check. |
None
|
sharp_wave_polarity
|
('negative', 'positive', 'both')
|
Polarity of sharp-wave deflections. The default expects downward sharp waves and scores them positively. Ripples remain polarity independent because they are detected from envelope power. |
"negative"
|
require_sharp_wave
|
bool
|
If True, require a sharp-wave signal or inferable sharp-wave channel for joint SWR detection. If False, allow ripple-only detection when sharp-wave data are unavailable. Ripple-only detections should be interpreted cautiously because the sharp-wave criterion helps reject ripple-band noise. |
True
|
save_mat
|
bool
|
If True and |
True
|
overwrite
|
bool
|
If False and the target event file already exists, load and return the existing file instead of redetecting. |
False
|
return_epoch_array
|
bool
|
If True, return the detected events as a |
False
|
event_name
|
str
|
Name of the CellExplorer event struct written to disk. |
'ripples'
|
Returns:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
DataFrame or EpochArray
|
Detected ripple events. |
Examples:
Detect joint SWRs from a CellExplorer session folder and save the default
*.ripples.events.mat file. The ripple, sharp-wave, and noise channels
are inferred from channel tags when available.
>>> from neuro_py.detectors.sharp_wave_ripple import detect_sharp_wave_ripples
>>> ripples = detect_sharp_wave_ripples(
... basepath=r"S:\data\HMC\HMC1\day8",
... low_threshold=0.75,
... high_threshold=2.5,
... sharp_wave_low_threshold=0.4,
... sharp_wave_high_threshold=2.5,
... overwrite=True,
... )
Restrict detection to a time interval and return only the event table without writing a CellExplorer file.
>>> ripples = detect_sharp_wave_ripples(
... basepath=r"S:\data\HMC\HMC1\day8",
... detection_epochs=np.array([[250.0, 350.0]]),
... save_mat=False,
... )
Run on in-memory LFP arrays. This is useful for simulations or when data have already been loaded by another pipeline.
>>> ripples = detect_sharp_wave_ripples(
... ripple_signal=ripple_lfp,
... sharp_wave_signal=sharp_wave_lfp,
... fs=1250.0,
... timestamps=timestamps,
... save_mat=False,
... )
If no sharp-wave channel is available, ripple-only detection must be requested explicitly.
>>> ripples = detect_sharp_wave_ripples(
... ripple_signal=ripple_lfp,
... fs=1250.0,
... save_mat=False,
... require_sharp_wave=False,
... )
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/sharp_wave_ripple.py
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detect_up_down_states(basepath=None, st=None, nrem_epochs=None, region='ILA|PFC|PL|EC1|EC2|EC3|EC4|EC5|MEC|CTX', min_dur=0.03, max_dur=0.5, percentile=20, bin_size=0.01, smooth_sigma=0.02, min_cells=10, save_mat=True, epoch_by_epoch=False, beh_epochs=None, show_figure=False, overwrite=False)
¶
Detect UP and DOWN states in neural data.
UP and DOWN states are identified by computing the total firing rate of all
simultaneously recorded neurons in bins of 10 ms, smoothed with a Gaussian kernel
of 20 ms s.d. Epochs with a firing rate below the specified percentile threshold
are considered DOWN states, while the intervals between DOWN states are classified
as UP states. Epochs shorter than min_dur or longer than max_dur are discarded.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
basepath
|
str
|
Base directory path where event files and neural data are stored. |
None
|
st
|
Optional[SpikeTrain]
|
Spike train data. If None, spike data will be loaded based on specified regions. |
None
|
nrem_epochs
|
Optional[EpochArray]
|
NREM epochs. If None, epochs will be loaded from the basepath. |
None
|
region
|
str
|
Brain regions for loading spikes. The first region is prioritized. |
"ILA|PFC|PL|EC1|EC2|EC3|EC4|EC5|MEC"
|
min_dur
|
float
|
Minimum duration for DOWN states, in seconds. |
0.03
|
max_dur
|
float
|
Maximum duration for DOWN states, in seconds. |
0.5
|
percentile
|
float
|
Percentile threshold for determining DOWN states based on firing rate. |
20
|
bin_size
|
float
|
Bin size for computing firing rates, in seconds. |
0.01
|
smooth_sigma
|
float
|
Standard deviation for Gaussian kernel smoothing, in seconds. |
0.02
|
min_cells
|
int
|
Minimum number of neurons required for analysis. |
10
|
save_mat
|
bool
|
Whether to save the detected UP and DOWN states to .mat files. |
True
|
epoch_by_epoch
|
bool
|
Whether to perform detection epoch by epoch. If True, detection will be performed separately for each sleep epoch. |
False
|
beh_epochs
|
Optional[EpochArray]
|
Optional behavioral epochs to use for epoch-by-epoch detection. If None, sleep epochs will be loaded and used. |
None
|
show_figure
|
bool
|
Whether to display a figure showing firing rates during detected UP and DOWN states. |
False
|
overwrite
|
bool
|
Whether to overwrite existing .mat files when saving detected states. |
False
|
Returns:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
Tuple[Optional[EpochArray], Optional[EpochArray]]
|
A tuple containing the detected DOWN state epochs and UP state epochs. Returns (None, None) if no suitable states are found or insufficient data is available. |
Examples:
>>> down_state, up_state = detect_up_down_states(basepath="/path/to/data", show_figure=True)
From command line: $ python up_down_state.py /path/to/data
Notes
Detection method based on https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15842-4
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/up_down_state.py
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detect_up_down_states_bimodal_thresh(basepath=None, st=None, nrem_epochs=None, region='ILA|PFC|PL|EC1|EC2|EC3|EC4|EC5|MEC|CTX', bin_size=0.01, smooth_sigma=0.02, min_cells=10, save_mat=True, epoch_by_epoch=False, beh_epochs=None, show_figure=False, overwrite=False, schmidt=False, nboot=100, force_bimodal=False)
¶
Detect UP and DOWN states using bimodal_thresh on firing rate distribution.
Uses the same data loading and epoch-by-epoch logic as detect_up_down_states,
but applies Hartigan's dip test and bimodal threshold detection instead of a
fixed percentile. This is useful when UP/DOWN states form a clear bimodal
distribution in the firing rate histogram.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
basepath
|
str
|
Base directory path where event files and neural data are stored. |
None
|
st
|
Optional[SpikeTrainArray]
|
Spike train data. If None, spike data will be loaded based on specified regions. |
None
|
nrem_epochs
|
Optional[EpochArray]
|
NREM epochs. If None, epochs will be loaded from the basepath. |
None
|
region
|
str
|
Brain regions for loading spikes. The first region is prioritized. |
"ILA|PFC|PL|EC1|EC2|EC3|EC4|EC5|MEC|CTX"
|
bin_size
|
float
|
Bin size for computing firing rates, in seconds. |
0.01
|
smooth_sigma
|
float
|
Standard deviation for Gaussian kernel smoothing, in seconds. |
0.02
|
min_cells
|
int
|
Minimum number of neurons required for analysis. |
10
|
save_mat
|
bool
|
Whether to save the detected UP and DOWN states to .mat files. |
True
|
epoch_by_epoch
|
bool
|
Whether to perform detection epoch by epoch. |
False
|
beh_epochs
|
Optional[EpochArray]
|
Optional behavioral epochs to use for epoch-by-epoch detection. |
None
|
show_figure
|
bool
|
Whether to display a figure showing firing rates during detected UP and DOWN states. |
False
|
overwrite
|
bool
|
Whether to overwrite existing .mat files when saving detected states. |
False
|
schmidt
|
bool
|
Use Schmidt trigger (hysteresis) for state transitions in bimodal_thresh. |
False
|
nboot
|
int
|
Number of bootstrap iterations for Hartigan's dip test. Reduce further (e.g., 50) for very long recordings to improve performance. |
100
|
force_bimodal
|
bool
|
If True, skip the bimodality test and force threshold detection even if the distribution appears unimodal. Use with caution. |
False
|
Returns:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
Tuple[Optional[EpochArray], Optional[EpochArray]]
|
A tuple containing the detected DOWN state epochs and UP state epochs. Returns (None, None) if no suitable states are found or insufficient data is available. |
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/up_down_state.py
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hartigan_diptest(data, n_boot=100, seed=None)
¶
Dependency-free approximation of Hartigan's dip test with bootstrap p-value.
This implementation uses a simple piecewise-linear unimodal fit to approximate
the dip statistic and estimates the p-value via bootstrap draws from a
unimodal Gaussian null. It avoids the external diptest package while
preserving the API footprint needed by bimodal_thresh.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
data
|
ndarray
|
Input data array (1-D). NaN values are automatically removed. |
required |
n_boot
|
int
|
Number of bootstrap samples drawn from a unimodal Gaussian null to estimate the p-value (default: 100). |
100
|
seed
|
int
|
Random seed for reproducibility (default: None). |
None
|
Returns:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
dip |
float
|
Hartigan's dip statistic. Lower values indicate more unimodal distributions. |
p_value |
float
|
Bootstrap p-value. Values < 0.05 suggest a significantly bimodal distribution. |
Notes
For large datasets (n > 10000), consider reducing n_boot further or downsampling the data to improve performance. The function automatically caps bootstrap sample size at 2000 to maintain computational efficiency.
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/up_down_state.py
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save_ripple_events(events, basepath, detection_name='detect_sharp_wave_ripples', detection_params=None, ripple_channel=None, detection_epochs=None, event_name='ripples', amplitude_units='a.u.')
¶
Save ripple events to a CellExplorer *.events.mat file.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
events
|
DataFrame
|
Ripple event table returned by :func: |
required |
basepath
|
str
|
Session folder where the event file will be written. |
required |
detection_name
|
str
|
Name stored in |
'detect_sharp_wave_ripples'
|
detection_params
|
dict
|
Detection parameters stored in |
None
|
ripple_channel
|
int
|
Zero-indexed ripple detection channel. |
None
|
detection_epochs
|
EpochArray or ndarray
|
Detection intervals in seconds. |
None
|
event_name
|
str
|
Name of the CellExplorer event struct. |
'ripples'
|
amplitude_units
|
str
|
Units for the saved ripple amplitude. |
'a.u.'
|
Returns:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
str
|
Path to the saved |
Source code in neuro_py/detectors/sharp_wave_ripple.py
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